Any dramatic changes or expected patterns may indicate doping, at which point the athlete would undergo specific tested, possibly leading to an investigation. Blood testing is capable of detecting EPO and synthetic oxygen carriers, but it cannot tell whether a blood transfusion has taken place. Tests are mostly carried out on blood and/or urine samples, collected under strict protocols, but the tests may not pick up all substances. Furthermore, athletes (or athletic programs) taking explicit measures to evade detection exacerbate the ethical violation with overt deception and cheating. Elite athletes have financial competitive motivations that cause them to dope and these motivations differ from that of recreational athletes.[196] The common theme among these motivations is the pressure to physically perform. To date no studies have been published that examined the efficacy of contingency management https://www.mobipower.ru/modules.php?name=Pages&pa=showpage&pid=24 interventions specifically among athletes. Due to the fact that many sporting organizations already routinely test athletes for various substances, implementing such a program in certain athletic settings may be somewhat easier than the typical outpatient or inpatient clinic. Such a program would likely be most appropriate for athletes who have been experiencing fairly significant alcohol and drug problems and are attempting to eliminate their use […]